Table of Experimental Studies on Axially Loaded Column Tests
General Information
Reference | Experiment Synopsis | Number of Tests | Loading Method | Results Reported | Main Parameters | Comments |
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Klöppel and Goder 1957 | Concentrically loaded CFTs and HTs | 104 tests | N.A. | P vs. various σ's and ε's in both concr. and steel (tabular & graphical) | Individual tests tabulated by load increment (very detailed) | |
Salani and Sims 1964 | Seamless mortar-filled columns |
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Mortar-filled |
Gardner and Jacobson 1967 | Short and long CFT columns (experimental vs. theoretical) | 32 CFTs | Concentric loading to failure |
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Discussion by Furlong and Knowles followed (1968) |
Gardner 1968 | Short and long columns w/ spiral welded tubes |
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Concentric loading to failure |
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Through examination of residual stresses |
Knowles and Park 1969 | Concentric and eccentric loading w/ KL/r (experiment, theoretical) |
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Neogi, Sen, and Chapman 1969 | Elasto-plastic behavior of pinned eccentrically and concentrically loaded CFTs (exp. vs. theor.) | 18 CFTs (ecc.) C:cold-drawn(8) M:mild, hot-finish(10) |
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Knowles and Park 1970 | Design eqns. developed and compared w/ tests by author and others | 111 CFTs (previous tests) | N.A. | Po, Pu, Pu/Po for all tests | Parameters vary with author | Test of the authors' proposed formulas |
Bridge 1976 | Square pin-ended eccentrically loaded CFTs (experiment theory) | 8 CFTs (ecc.) |
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Excellent paper -- very clear and detailed |
Kitada, Yoshida, and Nakai 1987 | Short CFT columns subjected to axial compression | 14 CFTs | 3 cases: load steel only, concrete only, & both mat'ls simultaneously |
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Zhong and Miao 1988 | Short CFT columns subjected to axial compression | 11 CFTs | Concentrically-applied load |
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*L/D ratio
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Mostly theoretical |
Liu and Geol 1988 | Cyclic load behavior of CFT bracing |
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Rectangular, pinned frame loaded laterally w/ diagonal brace put in alternate compression & tension |
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Kawano and Matsui 1988 | Cyclic axial loading of CFT braces |
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Matsui and Kawano 1988 | Monotonic and cyclic loading of trusses with CFT and HT chords |
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HT vs. CFT | |
Shakir-Khalil and Zeghiche 1989 | Concentric and eccentric loading of rectangular CFTs |
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Cederwall, Engstrom, and Grauers 1990 | Eccentrically loaded rectangular CFT columns |
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Shakir-Khalil and Mouli 1990 | Concentric and eccentric loading of rectangular CFTs |
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Extension of Shakir-Khalil,'89 |
Cai 1991 | Eccentrically loaded CFT columns | 27 CFTs |
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Pu, Pu/Po |
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Luksha and Nesterovich 1991 | Large diameter CFTs under axial compression |
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N.A. |
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Variables not well defined |
Masuo et al. 1991 | Concentric testing of lightweight concrete CFTs |
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Concentrically-applied load |
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Nakai, Kurita, and Ichinose 1991 | Study on creep and drying shrinkage of CFTs | 4 CFTs 2 plain concr. (3 creep tests, 3 shrinkage tests) | Concentrically-applied load |
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Time | Creep and shrinkage tests conducted simultaneously for 160 days |
Sakino and Hayashi 1991 | Concentrically loaded stub columns |
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Concentrically-applied load |
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Paper attempted to estimate the strain hardening effect as well as triaxial confinement |
Tsuji, Nakashima, and Morita 1991 | Axial compression of short CFTs | 3 CFTs | Concentrically-applied load |
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t | Tests conducted to check validity of analytical formulation |
Rangan and Joyce 1992 | Eccentrically loaded slender columns w/ high-strength concr. | 9 CFTs |
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Compared to results by Neogi, Sen, Chapman |
Bridge and Webb 1993 | Axial compressions of thin-walled CFTs and HTs |
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HT vs. CFT | Tests performed for high-rise construction project |
Matsui, Tsuda, and El Din 1993 | Axial compression of square CFTs with varying lengths and eccentricities |
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Compared to AIJ design formulas |
Tsuda, Matsui, and Mino 1996 | Series I-Concentrically land eccentrically axially slender CFTs |
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Kawano and Matsui 1997 | Cyclic and axial loading of circular CFTs and HTs |
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Energy absorption and fracture of steel tube |
Kilpatrick and Rangan 1997 | Eccentric loading of circular CFTs in double and single curvature |
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magnitude and direction of eccentricity | |
Bergmann 1994 | Concentrically loaded circular and square CFT with different load introduction | 16 |
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P vs. d |
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O'shea and Bridge 1997a | Concentric and eccentric loading of circular HTs and concentric loading of circular CFTs filled with unbonded concrete |
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Effect of internal restraint on local buckling behavior |
O'shea and Bridge 1997b | Concentric loading of square box HTs and square box CFTs filled with unbonded and bonded concrete |
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Effect of internal restraint on local buckling behavior. |
O'shea and Bridge 1997c | Concentric and eccentric loading of circular CFTs with unbonded and bonded high strength concrete |
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Effect of concrete confinement on cross section strength |
O'shea and Bridge 1997d | Concentric and eccentric loading of circular CFTs with unbonded and bonded high strength concrete |
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Force-controlled with slow loading near ultimate load |
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Effect of confinement on cross section strength |
Shakir Khalil and Al-Rawdan 1997 | Concentric & eccentric loading of full-scale rectangular CFTs |
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BS5400 & BS5940 are the current British standards |
Schneider 1998 | Monotonic axial loading of circular, square and rectangular CFTs | 14 CFTs |
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Results compared with AISC-LRFD (1994) |
Han and Yan 2000 | Monotonic axial loading of slender circular CFTs and HTs |
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Concentric axial loading |
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Zhang and Zhou 2000 | Monotonic axial loading of CFTS | 36 CFTS | Concentric axial loading |
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Degree of confinement compared with literature |
Han and Yan 2001 | Monotonic loading of square CFTs |
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Johansson and Gylltoft 2002 | Short circular CFT columns subjected to axial compression with different methods of application |
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Concentric loading on either steel only, concrete only, entire section | P vs. δ |
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Ghannam, Jawad, and Hunaiti 2004 | Monotonic loading of rectangular, square, and circular CFTs with normal and lightweight concrete |
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Concentrically applied load |
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Giakoumelis and Lam 2004 | Short circular CFT columns subjected to axial compression |
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Concentrically applied load |
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Gupta, Sarda, and Kumar 2007 | Concentrically loaded circular CFT columns until failure |
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Concentrically applied load |
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Guo et al. 2007 | Monotonic behavior of steel only loaded unbonded square CFTs |
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Concentrically applied load |
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Uy 2008 |
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Concentric axial load |
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Liew and Xiong 2009 | Preload effect on the axial resistance of CFTs |
8 CFTs |
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Specimen Information
Reference | Length (L)(in) | L/D | Eccentricity(in) | Residual Stresses(ksi) | Initial Out-Of-Straightness(in) | End Conditions |
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Klöppel and Goder 1957 |
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8.68-20.80 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Pinned-pinned |
Salani and Sims 1964 | 60.0 | 20-60 | N.A. | Steel tubes annealed to remove stresses | N.A. | Fixed-fixed |
Gardner and Jacobson 1967 | 6, 8, 9.5, 12, 24, 41.34, 60, 66 | 2, 8, 8.7, 11, 15, 20 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
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Gardner 1968 |
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1.8-12.8 | N.A. | Incorporated into fy | N.A. |
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Knowles and Park 1969 |
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2.60-22.67 |
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N.A. | N.A. |
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Neogi, Sen, and Chapman 1969 |
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11.1-23.7 |
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N.A. | 0.022-0.224 | |
Knowles and Park 1970 | Leff = 10.0-91.0 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
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Bridge 1976 | 83.9, 120.1 | 10.65, 15.25, 20.33 | 0, 1.50, 2.52 | N.A | 0.011-0.055 |
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Kitada, Yoshida, and Nakai 1987 | 9.94 | 2.21 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
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Zhong and Miao 1988 | see L/D | 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
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Liu and Geol 1988 | λ = 58-100 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Welded gusset plates, weld and plate strength 33% > steel tube |
Kawano and Matsui 1988 |
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6.81-40.88 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Pinned-pinned |
Matsui and Kawano 1988 |
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28.67 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
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Shakir-Khalil and Zeghiche 1989 |
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23.0 |
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N.A. | Acknowledged as possible error |
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Cederwall, Engstrom, and Grauers 1990 | 118 | 25 | 0.39, 0.79 | N.A. | N.A. | Pinned-pinned |
Shakir-Khalil and Mouli 1990 |
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N.A. | Acknowledged as possible error |
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Cai 1991 | 26.2-117.7 | 5.24-19.30 | 0.79, 1.57, 2.36, 3.94 | N.A. | N.A. |
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Luksha and Nesterovich 1991 | 18.8-120.5 | 3.0 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Fixed-fixed |
Masuo et al. 1991 | 45.3-189.0 | 6.0-18.0 | N.A. | N.A. | Initial defl. = L/2000 at mid-height | Pinned-pinned (cylindrical bearings) |
Nakai, Kurita, and Ichinose 1991 | 39.4 (1 m) | 6.05 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Fixed-fixed |
Sakino and Hayashi 1991 | 14.2 | 2.0 | N.A. | Steel tubes annealed to remove stresses | N.A. | Pinned-fixed |
Tsuji, Nakashima, and Morita 1991 | 9.0 | 2.0 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Pinned (spherical)-fixed |
Rangan and Joyce 1992 | Leff = 31.8-91.4 | 8.0-22.9 | 0.39, 1.18 | N.A. | N.A. |
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Bridge and Webb 1993 | 29.5 | 3.0 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
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Matsui, Tsuda, and El Din 1993 | 23.6, 47.2, 70.9, 106.3, 141.7, 177.2 | 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 30 | 0, 0.98, 2.95, 4.92 | N.A.(yield stress measured by 0.2% offset) | N.A. | Pinned (spherical seat)- eccentricity imposed by moving bearing plate |
Tsuda, Matsui, and Mino 1996 | Noted values are kL; 26.0-195.1, 23.6-177.2 | kL/D; 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 30(same for both) |
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N.A. | N.A. | Pinned-pinned: Specimens are loaded through hemispherical oil film bearing at each end |
Kawano and Matsui 1997 | 10.0, 12.8, 33.8, 71.3 | 5, 10, 20 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Pinned-pinned |
Kilpatrick and Rangan 1997 | 85.6 | 21.4 | -1.97-1.97 | N.A. | N.A. | Pinned-pinned : The ends were clamped to knife-edge assemblages |
Bergmann 1994 |
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4 - 22.8 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
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O'shea and Bridge 1997a | 22.7, 26.2 | 3.5 | 0.28-0.83 |
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N.A. |
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O'shea and Bridge 1997b | 8.4-38.0 | 0.8, 1.2, 1.7, 2.3, 2.9, 3.5 | N.A. | 7.70-22.24 | N.A. | Fixed: Ends attached to grooved plates filled with low temperature metal |
O'shea and Bridge 1997c | 22.7, 26.2 | 3.5 | 0.28-0.82 |
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N.A. |
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O'shea and Bridge 1997d | 22.7, 26.2 | 3.5 | 0.26-0.67 |
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N.A. |
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Shakir Khalil and Al-Rawdan 1997 |
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ex = 0.24, 0.59, 1.77, 2.95
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N.A. | Acknowledged as possible error |
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Schneider 1998 | see L/D | 4.0-4.8 | N.A. | Steel tubes annealed to remove stresses | N.A. | Pinned-pinned through spherical bearings |
Han and Yan 2000 | 138.2-163.7 | 32.5-38.5( λ = 130-154) | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Pinned-pinned through loading plate with triangular wedge inserted into the grooved endplate. |
Zhang and Zhou 2000 | N.A. | 3-4 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
Han and Yan 2001 | see L/D | 3 (stub cols.) λ= 45-75 (cols) | 0-3.15 | N.A. | N.A. |
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Johansson and Gylltoft 2002 | 25.6 | 4.09 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. |
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Ghannam, Jawad, and Hunaiti 2004 | 78.75-98.43 | 15-20 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Pinned-Pinned |
Giakoumelis and Lam 2004 | 11.8 | 2.62 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Fixed-Fixed |
Gupta, Sarda, and Kumar 2007 | 13.4 | 3.0, 3.8, 7.2 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Both ends bearing on loading plate |
Guo et al. 2007 | 9.4 – 23.6 | 3.0 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Fixed-Fixed (stiffeners welded to ends in accordance with Chinese design) |
Uy 2008 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Fixed-Fixed |
Liew and Xiong 2009 | 68.0 - 121.2 | 7.9-14.1 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Fixed-Fixed (Ends attached to steel plate to obtain uniform loading) |
Cross Section Information
Reference | Tube Dimensions | Steel Properties | Concrete Properties |
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Klöppel and Goder 1957 |
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N.A.
Fy= 38.3-57.3 ksi |
f'c= 2.94-4.32 ksi |
Salani and Sims 1964 |
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Cold-drawn seamless finish-annealed
Fy= 76 ksi |
f'c= 3.35-4.95 ksi (Mortar) |
Gardner and Jacobson 1967 |
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Cold-drawn seamless finish- annealed
Fy= 52.7-91.9 ksi |
f'c= 3.0-6.3 ksi |
Gardner 1968 |
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Spiral welded
Fy= 28.6-48.3 ksi |
f'c= 2.6-5.3 ksi |
Knowles and Park 1969 |
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Hot-finish mild seamless (cir), welded (sq) Fy= 58, 70 ksi (cir), 47 ksi (square) |
No cylinder test done (avg. max stress = 5.925) |
Neogi, Sen, and Chapman 1969 |
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Seamless M: mild, hot-finish, gr.16; C: cold-drawn
Fy= 25.0-40.4 ksi |
fcu= 4.64-12.10 ksi |
Knowles and Park 1970 |
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N. A.
Fy= 36.9-87.8 ksi |
f'c= 2.94-9.60 ksi |
Bridge 1976 |
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N.A.
Fy= 36.8-46.3 ksi |
f'c= 4.38-5.48 ksi |
Kitada, Yoshida, and Nakai 1987 |
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Welded seam & seamless
Fy= 40.5-52.6 ksi |
f'c= 2.50, 4.96 ksi |
Zhong and Miao 1988 |
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N.A. Stress determined analytically | f'c= 4.35, 5.80 |
Liu and Geol 1988 |
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A500 gr. B, coldformed
Fy= 54, 60 ksi |
f'c= 4, 6, 8 ksi |
Kawano and Matsui 1988 |
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Cold-formed, mild steel
Fy= 48.5 ksi |
f'c= 4.75, 4.98, 5.08 ksi |
Matsui and Kawano 1988 |
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Cold-formed, mild steel
Fy= 48.5 ksi |
f'c= 4.98 |
Shakir-Khalil and Zeghiche 1989 |
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Rolled, grade 43
Fy= 49.8-56.0 ksi |
fcu= 5.80-6.53 |
Cederwall, Engstrom, and Grauers 1990 |
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N.A.
Fy= 44.1-63.7 ksi |
f'c= 5.65-14.90 ksi |
Shakir-Khalil and Mouli 1990 |
|
Rolled, grade 43
Fy= 49.3-52.6 ksi |
fcu= 5.18-5.87 |
Cai 1991 |
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N.A.
Fy= 40.2-45.5 ksi |
f'c= 5.05, 7.45 ksi |
Luksha and Nesterovich 1991 |
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Electronically welded
Fy= 42.3-56.8 ksi |
f'c= 2.18-6.67 ksi |
Masuo et al. 1991 |
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Cold-formed
Fy= 73.3, 66.8 ksi |
f'c= Light: 8.11 ksi Normal: 7.01 ksi |
Nakai, Kurita, and Ichinose 1991 |
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N.A.
Fy= 60.7, 63.9 ksi |
f'c= 4.04 ksi |
Sakino and Hayashi 1991 |
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Annealed
Fy= 36.0, 38.6, 41.1 ksi |
f'c= 3.21, 3.47, 6.33, 6.59 ksi |
Tsuji, Nakashima, and Morita 1991 |
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Mild steel
Fy= 49.2, 50.8 ksi |
f'c= 4.84 ksi |
Rangan and Joyce 1992 |
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N.A.
Fy= 31.6 ksi |
f'c= 9.77 ksi |
Bridge and Webb 1993 |
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N.A.
Fy= 37.7 ksi |
f'c= 8.63 ksi |
Matsui, Tsuda, and El Din 1993 |
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Cold-formed from mild steel plate
Fy= 66 |
f'c= 4.6-5.0 ksi |
Tsuda, Matsui, and Mino 1996 |
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Mild steel; STK400 (circular), STKR400 (square)
Fy= 51.2 ksi (circular), 59.8 ksi (square) |
f'c= 4.62 ksi(circular), 5.93 ksi(square) |
Kawano and Matsui 1997 |
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Cold-formed STK400
Fy= 44.8-61.2 ksi |
f'c= 4.37, 6.69 ksi |
Kilpatrick and Rangan 1997 |
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Cold-formed
Fy= 59.5 |
f'c= 13.92 |
Bergmann 1994 |
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Fy= 51 ksi (most specimens) 34 ksi (one specimen) | f'c= 13.4 ksi |
O'shea and Bridge 1997a |
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Cold-rolled, Hot-rolled, Cold-drawn
Fy= 26.9, 29.5, 30.6 ksi(Cold-rolled) 37.2, 44.4 ksi(Hot-rolled) 52.7 ksi(Cold-drawn) |
f'c= 6.89 ksi |
O'shea and Bridge 1997b |
|
Mild steel plate
Fy= 40.9 ksi |
f'c= 2.41-3.13 ksi |
O'shea and Bridge 1997c |
|
Cold-rolled, Hot-rolled, Cold-drawn
Fy= 26.9, 30.7 ksi(Cold-rolled), 37.2, 44.4(Hot-rolled) 52.7 (Cold-drawn) |
f'c= 5.54-11.63 ksi |
O'shea and Bridge 1997d |
|
Cold-rolled, Hot-rolled, Cold-drawn
Fy= 26.9, 30.6 ksi (Cold-rolled) 37.2, 44.4 ksi (Hot-rolled) 52.7 ksi (Cold-drawn) |
f'c= 11.18-16.00 ksi |
Shakir Khalil and Al-Rawdan 1997 |
|
Rolled, grade 43
Fy= 48.0-53.4 ksi |
f'c= 5.42-6.16 ksi |
Schneider 1998 |
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Cold-formed
Fy= 41.3-77.9 ksi |
f'c= 3.45, 4.42 ksi |
Han and Yan 2000 |
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N.A.
Fy= 50.5 ksi |
fcu= 4.61,6.79 |
Zhang and Zhou 2000 |
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N.A.
Fy= 34.8-58.5 ksi |
fcu= 5.87 |
Han and Yan 2001 |
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N.A.
Fy= 46.6, 47.9 ksi |
f'c= 1.54-5.31 ksi |
Johansson and Gylltoft 2002 |
|
Fy= 62.8 ksi | f'c= 9.35 ksi |
Ghannam, Jawad, and Hunaiti 2004 |
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Fy= 34.8-53.1 ksi | f'c= 4.84 ksi (normal wt) 1.45 ksi (lightweight) |
Giakoumelis and Lam 2004 |
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Fy= 49.7-52.9 ksi | f'c= 4.5-15.2 ksi |
Gupta, Sarda, and Kumar 2007 |
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Fy= 4.35, 5.80 ksi | f'c= 52.2 ksi |
Guo et al. 2007 |
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Two L shaped plates welded to form square
Fy= 40.6 ksi |
f'c= 5.6 ksi |
Uy 2008 |
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Fy= 65 ksi (HPS), 32 ksi (SS) | f'c= N.A. |
Liew and Xiong 2009 |
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Hot-rolled circular tubes
Fy= 57.0, 58.7 ksi |
f'c= 5.1-16.1 ksi |